ArchAeologicAl SmAll FindS And Their SigniFicAnce Proceedings of the Symposion: coSTume AS An idenTiTy expreSSion Editors: Iosif Vasile Ferencz Nicolae Cătălin Rişcuţa Oana Tutilă Bărbat Editura Mega │ Cluj-Napoca │ 2013 Editors: Iosif Vasile Ferencz, Nicolae Cătălin Rişcuţa, Oana Tutilă Bărbat Review: Iosif Vasile Ferencz, Nicolae Cătălin Rişcuţa, Oana Tutilă Bărbat, Ioana Lucia Barbu, Cătălin Cristescu Layout: Oana Tutilă Bărbat, Iosif Vasile Ferencz Cover Design: Oana Tutilă Bărbat (Front cover: Necklace made of shell beads discovered at Ariuşd – detail, photo Corneliu Beldiman, owner National Székely Museum of Sfântu Gheorghe; Back cover: Necklace made of shell beads discovered at Ariuşd, photo Corneliu Beldiman, owner National Székely Museum of Sfântu Gheorghe) The authors are responsable for the contents. Descrierea CIP a Bibliotecii Naţionale a României COSTUME AS AN IDENTITY EXPRESSION. Simpozion internaţional (2013 ; Deva) Archaeological small inds and their signiicance : Proceedings of the symposion : Costume as an identity expression : Deva, 2013 / editors: Iosif Vasile Ferencz, Nicolae Cătălin Rişcuţa, Oana Tutilă Bărbat. - Cluj-Napoca : Mega, 2013 Bibliogr. ISBN 978-606-543-414-1 I. Ferencz, Iosif Vasile (ed.) II. Rişcuţa, Nicolae Cătălin (ed.) III. Tutilă Bărbat, Oana (ed.) 391(498)(063) DTP: Crina Sincovici e-mail: mega@edituramega.ro www.edituramega.ro Oana Tutilă Bărbat, Nicolae Cătălin Rişcuţa, Costin-Daniel Ţuţuianu A Dalmatian Type Brooch Discovered at Roşia Montană* Oana Tutilă Bărbat Museum of Dacian and Roman Civilisation, Deva, ROMANIA oanatutila@yahoo.com Nicolae Cătălin Rişcuţa Costin-Daniel Ţuţuianu Museum of Dacian and Roman Civilisation, Deva, ROMANIA criscuta@yahoo.com Keywords: dalmatian ype brooch, Roşia Montană, Ţarina necropolis, Roman period. Abstract: Preventive archaeological research within the National Research Programme “Alburnus Maior” contributed to the enrichment of the database information that can operate, in this moment, for the high mountain area in the North-Western side of Alba Couny, the centres of ancient mining Abrud, Corna, Bucium, Roşia Montană. The largest roman necropolis from Roşia Montană, until Museum of Dacian and Roman Civilisation, Deva, ROMANIA krieg71@yahoo.com now, is that located in Ţarina perimeter. Of all the investigated graves from this point, M28 distinguishes itself by a rich inventory, but also through several special pieces. Of all these, we believe that a brooch, discovered among the good-grave, deserves to be taken into the conversation. The piece, unique in Roman Dacia until this stage of research, has the closest analogies in the Dalmatian area, in the third variant of arched hinged brooches with two pins. This kind of brooches can be dated in the 1st – 2nd centuries AD. I. Introduction The entire costume is a relection of the need but also is an expression of the social and ethnic identity1. The cut and the pieces of the garment, the material, the accessories and the adornments provide signiicant information about the owner: the gender, the age, the social status, the ethnicity. Of all these, the brooches have an important place in the costume because they are not simple elements for ixing the clothes, but also they offer data about the fashion in a speciic period, to a certain ethnic group2. The brooch which is the subject of this note was discovered in a cremation grave investigated in 2004, in Roşia Montană. Roşia Montană (the antique Alburnus Maior), the centre of the auriferous mining plants from Roman Dacia, has become known due to the fortuitous archaeological discoveries, especially the wax coated tablets3 but also to a series of epigraphic monuments4. Although the archaeological indings pointed out the special character, already known, of this area, ield surveys have been undertaken only sporadically, in the 80s5. * 1 2 3 4 5 We would like to thank Ioana Barbu and Cătălin Cristescu for the review of the translation. REGNAULT 1900, p. 329 and following. FEGUÈRE 1985, p. 448; COCIŞ 2004, p. 13. IDR I, p. 165 – 256. IDR III/3, p. 374 – 422. WOLLMANN 1985 – 1986, p. 254 – 257. Archaeological Small Finds and Their Significance, 2013 / p. 131 – 137 132 / Oana Tutilă Bărbat, Nicolae Cătălin Rişcuţa, Costin-Daniel Ţuţuianu The purpose of the National Research Programme “Alburnus Maior” was the archaeological investigation of the land affected by the future mining plants6. The results were amazing, especially regarding the funerary aspects. Five cremation cemeteries have been researched – Hop-Găuri, Jig-Piciorag, Pârâul Porcului-Tăul Secuilor, Tăul Cornii and Ţarina – and two funerary areas – Carpeni and Szekely7. The Ţarina Necropolis has been investigated during three archaeological campaigns (2003 – 2005)8, with the participation of specialists from several institutions9. In 2004, the Museum of Dacian and Roman Civilisation’s sector has been placed on the property of Gligor Viorel. In the Southern part of this area, the complex M28, a cremation grave with burning at ustrinum, has been researched. This grave contained a very rich and interesting funerary inventory10. Of all the pieces, the brooch provides interesting information on the identity of the owner, but, more importantly, it is the only item of this kind discovered in Roman Dacia. II. The brooch’s description The brooch (Fig. 1) is fragmentary. The remaining parts are the bow and a part of the fasten system, with the axis around which the needle pivots. The maximum length is 4 cm and the width is 1.2 cm. The brooch is made of bronze, iron and silver. Fifteen iron rods, of 1.2 cm in length, are ixed in the curved, almost half-rounded bronze bow. These perforate the bow from one side to the other. Two bronze sheets are scrolled on each rod (one sheet on each side of the arch), like some long, tubular beads. The upper part of the bow is silvered and decorated by two parallel rows of linear incisions, separated by a groove. Fig. 1. The brooch from Roşia Montană. There is nothing left of the catchplate and the head, poorly kept, seems to be small and trapezoidal. We can still see, on the pivot, in the middle part, traces of use, because of the movement of the pin. The ends’ diameters are smaller than the centre, probably because here there were set two beads. 6 7 8 9 10 DAMIAN 2003. DAMIAN, SIMION 2007, p. 141, with all bibliographic references on the problem. DAMIAN ET AL 2004; DAMIAN ET AL 2005; DAMIAN ET AL 2006. National Museum of Transylvanian History Cluj-Napoca, National Museum of the Union Alba Iulia, Museum of Dacian and Roman Civilisation Deva, National Institute of Historical Monuments, Institute of Archaeology Vasile Pârvan Bucureşti, Institute of Archaeology and Art History Cluj-Napoca. The grave will be the subject of a separate study. A Dalmatian Type Brooch Discovered at Roşia Montană / 133 The brooch has been burnt; probably, it pined up the deceased garment when he was cremated at ustrinum. III. Discussions and conclusions The brooch, unique in Roman Dacia until this point, has the closest analogies in the Dalmatian area, in arched hinged ibulae with two pins. This type of brooches was analyzed by Ivo Lokošek, who studied the pieces coming from Dalmatia, from the ibula collection of the Archaeological Museum in Split. They were divided into three variants11. The piece that we analyze here is very similar to those from the third variant12. Three rows of beads, that are encrusting the body, separated by two vertical undecorated or patterned with linear incisions or in the shape of “wolf teeth” bands are the main characteristics, beside the two pins that revolve around the axis. Likewise, the head is rectangular or trapezoidal, undecorated or its ornamentation consisting of concentric circles, parallel incisions or in the shape of “wolf teeth” or is a mixture of these decors. The hinge is formed by the head’s exterior or interior wounding13. The brooch that is the subject of our study derived from this third variant. The structure is simpler. It has just one pin and the middle beads row no longer exists. It still keeps two linear incisions rows on the upper part of the bow, separated through a groove. Remza Koščević, in the monograph dedicated to the brooches from Siscia, puts on in the sixth type, the Aucissa brooches14, an arched hinged ibula with two pins, with the bow divided into two lat bands, patterned with nine beads in three parallel rows15. Beside this one, there are ive more arched hinged ibulae with one pin16. The author says that they remove visible from the base type, being, probably, local imitations17. They are analogues to the brooches analyzed by Ivan Marović, who considers them local Dalmatian variants, made in this area in the 1st century, in the same time with other forms of Aucissa brooches18. The piece number 14 comes into notice. Its bow is perforated, at the maximum arching, by a rod with one bead at each one of the ends. We cannot igure if there were other rods which are missing now or this was the only one. Likewise, in the upper part of the arch there is an ornamentation consisting of a row of linear incisions19. Analyzing all these aspects, we can say that this piece from Siscia is, also, a good analogy for our brooch. Regarding the origin and evolution of this group of ibulae, the researchers’ opinions are divided into two variants: the irst one says that they are local variety of the Aucissa type and the second one that there is a distinguished kind of brooches, which has a separate development. Ivan Marović puts them on an Adriatic-Dalmatian variant of the Aucissa brooches, starting from the geographical criteria – this kind of pieces was found, mostly, in Dalmatia, while there are just few in vicinity20. Remza Koščević resumes Marović’s theory about these Dalmatian ibulae, considering them as a variation of the Aucissa type21. Likewise, Aleksandrina Cermanović-Kuzmanović thinks that the pieces from Komini are a subtype of the Aucissa brooches22. Ivo Lokošek treats these brooches as an individual type, afirming that the irst variant previous to the Aucissa type and the second and third variants are contemporaneous to that one23. Consequently, he names them arched hinged ibulae with two pins, saying, almost certainly, that they have a local 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 LOKOŠEK 1988, p. 5 – 20. LOKOŠEK 1988, p. 10 – 16. LOKOŠEK 1988, p. 10 – 13, pl. 3/1 – 6, pl. 4/1 – 5. KOŠČEVIĆ 1980, p. 13 – 14. KOŠČEVIĆ 1980, p. 46, kat. 76, pl. II/13, Foto XXXV/12. KOŠČEVIĆ 1980, p. 46, kat. 68 – 72, pl. II/12, 14, 15, IV/28, 29, Foto XXXV/13, XXXVI/3. KOŠČEVIĆ 1980, p. 17. MAROVIĆ 1959, p. 78. KOŠČEVIĆ 1980, p. 45, kat. 14, pl. II/14. MAROVIĆ 1959, p. 77. KOŠČEVIĆ 1980, p. 17. CERMANOVIĆ-KUZMANOVIĆ 1997, p. 388. LOKOŠEK 1988, p. 16. 134 / Oana Tutilă Bărbat, Nicolae Cătălin Rişcuţa, Costin-Daniel Ţuţuianu tradition, borrowing elements from La Tène spear-shaped brooches, having in common even almost the same distribution area24. Recently, Sanja Ivčević, doing the repertory of the brooches from Salona, resumes the problem of the arched hinged ibulae with two pins, drawing attention to the similarity with the Aucissa type but considering that local borders and lower limit on the timeline allow framing them in a separate type25. This kind of brooches is distributed, especially, in central Dalmatia, on the coastline and hinterland26, but only few copies were discovered in the neighbouring provinces: in Upper Moesia (for example, a piece from Viminacium27 with very good analogy in the second variant to Lokošek) or Pannonia (there is a brooch from Siscia28 that corresponds to the third variant to Lokošek). Our brooch increases the number of discoveries of this type from Dacia. Until now, there has been recovered one piece, from Abrud, not far from Roşia Montană29. It is an arched hinged ibula with two pins, irst variant to Lokošek. Sorin Cociş puts it on a special type, XVI, Dalmatian brooches30. Likewise, he connects the piece to the Dalmatian human presence in the mining activity from Abrud’s area31. Concerning the chronology, Ivan Marović says that they can be dated in the 1st century32 and Ivo Lokošek considers, based on analogies discovered in certain contexts, that the third variant of the arched hinged ibulae with two pins is dated in the 2nd century, in the same time with the Aucissa type33. In conclusion, we emphasise, again, the particular nature of the brooch discovered in Ţarina necropolis. It is the only piece of this kind from Roman Dacia and it offers us ethnic identity regarding the owner. The piece must have belonged to a person arrived from Dalmatia, who brought, among other things, this brooch that became one of his good-grave. Two funerary monuments, stelae, support this afirmation34. One of them was discovered close to the Grave M 2835. Starva, the name of the Dalmatian settlement where the colonists are coming from, is mentioned in the epigraphic texts36. The settlement is located, probably, in the territory of the municipium Salvium. This is the area where the most of the arched hinged ibulae with two pins were discovered. Bibliography CERMANOVIĆ-KUZMANOVIĆ Cermanović-Kuzmanović Aleksandrina, Nakit od plemen itog metala sa 1997 nekropola u Kominima (Municipium S…), in Lazić M. (ed.), Antidoron Dragoslavo Srejović: completis LXV annis ab amicis collegis discipulis oblatum, Beograd, p. 387 – 392. CIONGRADI, TIMOFAN, Ciongradi Carmen, Timofan Anca, Bârcă V., Eine neue Erwähnung des Kastellum BÂRCĂ 2008 Starva in einer Inschrift aus Alburnus Maior. Studium zu Epigraphisch Bezeugten Kastella und Vici im Dakischen Goldbrgwerksgebiet, in ZPE 165, p. 249 – 266. COCIŞ 2004 Cociş S., Fibulele din Dacia romană, Bibliotheca Ephemeris Napocensis 3, Cluj-Napoca. DAMIAN 2003 Damian P. (coord.), Alburnus Maior I, Bucureşti. DAMIAN, SIMION 2007 Damian P., Simion Mihaela, Funerary practices in the necropolises to the ancient communities at Alburnus Maior, in ActaTS VI.1, p. 141 – 153. 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 LOKOŠEK 1988, p.13 – 14. IVČEVIĆ 2002, p. 237. LOKOŠEK 1988, p. 15, ig. 6; CERMANOVIĆ-KUZMANOVIĆ 1997, p. 388; IVČEVIĆ 2002, p. 236. REDŽIĆ 2007, p. 11, kat. 4, T.1 /4. KOŠČEVIĆ 1980, p. 46, kat. 76, pl. II/13, photo XXXIV/12. MOGA, MESAROŞ 1980, p. 142 – 145, ig. 5, 6; COCIŞ 2004, p. 85, pl. LIV/792, kat. no. 792. COCIŞ 2004, p. 85. COCIŞ 2004, p. 85. MAROVIĆ 1959, p. 77. LOKOŠEK 1988, p. 13. TIMOFAN, BARBU 2007; CIONGRADI, TIMOFAN, BÂRCĂ 2008, p. 257, kat. 1, 2, Abb. 1 – 7. TIMOFAN, BARBU 2007, p. 185. TIMOFAN, BARBU 2007, p. 189; CIONGRADI, TIMOFAN, BÂRCĂ 2008, p. 253. A Dalmatian Type Brooch Discovered at Roşia Montană / 135 DAMIAN ET AL 2004 DAMIAN ET AL 2005 DAMIAN ET AL 2006 FEGUÈRE 1985 IVČEVIĆ 2002 KOŠČEVIĆ 1980 LOKOŠEK 1988 MAROVIĆ 1959 MOGA, MESAROŞ 1980 REDŽIĆ 2007 REGNAULT 1900 TIMOFAN, BARBU 2007 WOLLMANN 1985 – 1986 Damian P. et al, Roşia Montană, com. Roşia Montană, jud. Alba. Punct: Ţarină, in CCA. Campania 2003, Cluj-Napoca, p. 280 – 298. Damian P. et al, Roşia Montană, com. Roşia Montană, jud. Alba. Punct: Ţarină – Kapolna, in CCA. Campania 2004, Jupiter, p. 264 – 313. Damian P. et al, Roşia Montană, com. Roşia Montană, jud. Alba. Punct: Ţarină – proprietatea Pojghi, in CCA. Campania 2005, Constanța, p. 297 – 299. Feguère M., Les ibules en Gaule Méridionale de la conquête à la in du Ve s. ap. J.-C. Revue archéologique de Narbonnaise. Supplément au tome 12, Paris. Ivčević Sanja, Fibule, in Marin E. (ed.) Longae Salonae, Split, p. 229 – 276. Koščević Remza, Antičke ibule s produčja Siska, Zagreb. Lokošek I., Lučne ibule na šarnir s dvije igle iz Arheološkog Muzeja u Splitu, in VAHD 81, p. 5 – 20. Marović I., Iskopavanje kamenih gomila oko vrela rijeke Cetine, in VAHD 61, p. 5 – 80. Moga V., Mesaroş V., Cercetările arheologice de la Abrud (jud. Alba), in Apulum XVIII, p. 141 – 149. Redžić S., Nalazi rimskih ibula na nekropolama Viminacijuma, Arheologija i prirodne nauke 2, Beograd. Regnault F., L’evolution du costume, in BullSocAnthropol V/1, p. 329 – 344. Timofan Anca, Barbu Ioana, O stelă funerară cu inscripţie descoperită la Alburnus Maior, in Apulum XLIV, p. 185 – 191. Wollmann V., Un lucus la Alburnus Maior, in AIIA XXVII, p. 253 – 295. 136 / Oana Tutilă Bărbat, Nicolae Cătălin Rişcuţa, Costin-Daniel Ţuţuianu 2 1 4 3 5 6 7 8 Pl. I. Arched hinged brooches with one and two pins (1–2 – after LOKOŠEK 1988, sl. 3/1, 6; 3–8 – after KOŠČEVIĆ 1980, T. II/12–15, T. IV/28–29). A Dalmatian Type Brooch Discovered at Roşia Montană / 137 Pl. II. The distribution map (after LOKOŠEK 1988, sl. 5, with our additions for Dacia).